Manufacturing Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smart Bombs: The History and Future of Strategic Bombardment Essay

Keen Bombs: The History and Future of Strategic Bombardment Presentation Each child wants to hear stories from their grandparents about something that they have encountered in their life. For me, probably the best stories originated from my dad about the air war that was pursued over Europe during World War II. He frequently let me know of a day that an arrangement of very nearly 1,000 aircraft flew over his base: The automaton of the planes could be heard for a significant distance and caused us on the ground to feel as little as ants. There were more than 1,000 of them overhead, in an ideal arrangement, every one with four motors thundering. They looked powerful to us on the ground; there were such a large number of them. In the wake of seeing the annihilation that they brought upon the German urban areas and manufacturing plants, I was appreciative they were our ally. Those strong planes my dad let me know of were American B-17 Bombers. With a scope of 1,850 miles, a most extreme roof of 35,600 ft. furthermore, a bomb heap of 8,000 pounds, the B-17 Flying Fortress was one of the most equipped for the long range aircraft of World War II. Despite the fact that these measurements are amazing, the innovation that made this plane so noteworthy was its bomb sight. The United States Army Air Corps asserted that its Norden Bomb sight, which was utilized in the B-17, could place a bomb in a predicament barrel at 20,000 feet. Though it was not exactly as precise as guaranteed, it could hit a 100 foot square objective zone reliably from 20,000 feet. Utilizing this bomb sight, which was viewed as top mystery for the main long stretches of the war, arrangements of up to 1,000 B-17's eventual ready to hit an objective without trying to hide precisely. The impacts of these bombarding runs were felt vigorously in the Germans fabricating industry. On October 14, 1943, 229 B-17s ... ...003. 19 March. 2004. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/batasmn2.htm Website admin. GBU-15. Military Analysis Network. May 13. 2003. 19 March. 2004. <http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/brilliant/gbu-15.htm> Website admin. Guided Bomb Unit-10 (GBU-10). Military Analysis Network. 19 February. 1998. 19 March. 2004. <http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/keen/gbu-10.htm> Website admin. Guided Bomb Unit-28 (GBU-28) Bunker Buster. Military Analysis Network. 28 February. 1998. 19 March. 2004. <http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/brilliant/gbu-28.htm> Website admin. Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM). May 13. 2003. 19 March. 2004. ? <http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/brilliant/jdam.htm> WWII Statistics. 1999. <http://www.angelfire.com/ct/ww2europe/stats.html> ' Airship ZI. Spartacus School Net. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWzeppelin.htm>

Living Well With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Living Well With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD Living With OCD Print Living Well With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 12, 2019 Plume Creative / Getty Images More in OCD Living With OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Related Conditions Perhaps you or a loved one have been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and wonder what this might mean for the rest of your life.  If you have OCD, you can undoubtedly live a normal and productive life. Like any chronic illness, managing your OCD requires a focus on day-to-day coping rather than on an ultimate cure. Understanding OCD In practical terms, this means having an excellent understanding of your illness. For example, see if you can answer the following questions: What are your  symptoms?When do your symptoms get worse?What coping strategies work for you when your symptoms flare up?What helps you avoid your symptoms from worsening in the first place?Who is it helpful to consult with when you feel stuck or need additional assistance in coping with your symptoms? Being able to answer these kinds of questions is essential to managing your OCD and freeing up your time and energy to attend to the things you really want to spend your time on, such as family, friends, romantic relationships, work, school, or recreational activities. Consider a Symptom Journal If you arent sure about the answers to these questions, consider keeping a journal with these questions in mind for a few weeks. Since OCD is different for everyone, this journal should give you a much keener understanding of how OCD affects you personally. Get Help If Your Symptoms Are Unmanageable If you don’t know where to begin or feel that OCD has taken over your life, it’s time to seek assistance from a trained mental health professional. There is no need to suffer since there are effective treatments that work for most people, including psychotherapy and medication. Most people are able to find quite a bit of relief from symptoms using some combination of the two. Dont be afraid to ask for help. For Family Members If you are a family member or close friend of someone who suffers from OCD, you may be concerned about your loved ones illness and how you can help. Its important to remember that many people with OCD get good results from treatment and can learn how to manage their OCD symptoms effectively through psychotherapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy  (CBT) and, more specifically, exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP). You can help your loved one by educating yourself about OCD so that you are better able to understand and be supportive. Its also important to be aware of behaviors you are engaging in that enable your loved ones illness. For example, if shes afraid of germs getting into the house, you wash all the cans and containers that you bring home from the grocery store before putting them away. This just feeds her illness by helping her avoid something she fears. Family Members: Get Help If You Feel Overwhelmed If you are feeling overwhelmed or are unsure what to do for your loved one, be sure to seek out professional help or a support group. Its important to take charge of your own mental health needs as well as those of your loved one so that you can help him get better instead of helping him remain where he is or perhaps even get worse.

The Long Struggle for Civil Rights Essay - 2180 Words

African Americans have a history of struggles because of racism and prejudices. Ever since the end of the Civil War, they struggled to benefit from their full rights that the Constitution promised. The fourteenth Amendment, which defined national citizenship, was passed in 1866. Even though African Americans were promised citizenship, they were still treated as if they were unequal. The South had an extremely difficult time accepting African Americans as equals, and did anything they could to prevent the desegregation of all races. During the Reconstruction Era, there were plans to end segregation; however, past prejudices and personal beliefs elongated the process. All African Americans thought with the creation of civil†¦show more content†¦The Black Codes limited their social life, work life, and the lives of their children. African Americans could not go to the same church, ride the same trains, or even sit next to each other on busses. The Black Codes also kept Africa n Americans working on the plantations, and those unemployed were forced to work on a plantation with no pay . The process that was made towards the end of slavery was digressing and all of the African Americans in the South had no controll of their lives. The prejudices and the past beliefs of the South prevented all African Americans from being able to forget their past and be free. After hearing about the Black Codes, the North was furious. Congress then forced the southern states to approve of the 14th Amendment in 1868; it stated that all male Americans have the rights of citizens and it prevented the ability for one state to make laws similar to the Black Codes. In addition to the 14th Amendment, Congress ratified the 15th Amendment. It stated that African Americans have the right to vote and could be elected to government offices. African Americans were finally able to participate in government issues and vote. They were given more freedom than ever because of the amendment s, but the South was soon able to revert back to their past prejudices with the creation of the Jim Crow laws. The Jim Crow Laws were created to create a further gap between the two races, white and black. The southern whites feltShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement : Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1168 Words   |  5 Pagesachieved by the civil rights movement. In this speech King provided his audience with several facts on how the people have came a long way from where they began and that the civil rights movement has made a great progress in its struggle for equal treatment under the law. In King s speech, he begins by claiming that they have come a long way from where they began. As he starts to speak about the growth of the Negro community he states, Now let us notice first that we ve come a long, long way. And IRead MoreAfrican Americans Need To Understand â€Å"The Necessity, As1562 Words   |  7 Pagesracial progress, despite the centuries-long efforts of African Americans to change their hearts and minds, it can be tremendously frustrating to address the history of â€Å"the changing same.† Unsurprisingly, this unpleasant sense of â€Å"reverse presentism,† which historians feel when they assess their historical sources, inadvertently shapes the way they address this material. Charles Eagles discusses the prevalence of the â€Å"participant-observer syndrome† among civil rights historians, which creates and reinforcesRead MoreNaacp1094 Words   |  5 PagesNAACP The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. It has been made up of many movements, though it is often used to refer to the struggles between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination against African-Americans and to end racial segregation, especially in the U.S. South. It focuses on that particular struggle, rather than the comparable movements to end discrimination against otherRead MoreEssay about NAACP1081 Words   |  5 Pages NAACP The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. It has been made up of many movements, though it is often used to refer to the struggles between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination against African-Americans and to end racial segregation, especially in the U.S. South. It focuses on that particular struggle, rather than the comparable movements to end discrimination againstRead MoreThe Monograph Coming of age in Mississippi1286 Words   |  6 Pages1968. 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This being said, civil protests and peaceful demonstrations were not necessarily more successful in exuding change than pieces of legislation but moreso acted as a catalyst for social change, leading towards legislationRead MorePrejudice and Discrimination in America Today Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesnever-ending phenomenon that is ingrained in American life. Racism is America, just as America is built around the idea of racism. As the civil rights activist and scholar Derrick Bell would say, Racism is an integral, permanent, and indestructible component of this society. He proclaims that no matter what blacks do to better their status, they are doomed to fail as long as the majority of whites do not see their own well being threatened by the status quo. Racism plays a large role in limiting opportunitiesRead MoreThe Song Glory, By Music Artists Common And John Legend1653 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr(MLK) was leading the civil rights movement. The song Glory itself won the oscar for the best song in a motion picture and truly was an important part of the movie because not only did it chronicle the civil rights marches of 1965 led by MLK but it also incorporated events that occurred in the 21st century. It was this combination that made the song a true inspiration for all human beings because it shed a light on the struggle for racial equality that African A mericans haveRead MoreAnalysis Of Bloody Lowndes1569 Words   |  7 PagesJefferies The Civil Rights Struggle Markà © C. Wrisborne AFTS/ HIST 3390: The Modern Civil Rights Movement Dr. Michael Williams November 13, 2017 Bloody Lowndes was written by a historian named Hassan Kwame Jefferies. The book details the African American struggles faced in the fight for freedom in the rural area of Lowndes County, during the1960’s. He examines different activist groups, the leaders within those groups, and their impact/ role played on the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreJoseph Jackson Annual Address Rhetorical Analysis1209 Words   |  5 Pagesof our nation, the United States. He later addresses the civil rights struggle and the reason behind it. About half of his speech addresses some advice and suggestions for the future of the black people. Joseph Jackson writes the Annual Address telling the black people to put action in their beliefs and for justice, which contradicts King’s perspective on â€Å"peaceful† protests. In page two, Jackson states, What is this struggle for civil rights? I answer, it is an effort of American citizens to get full

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay - 1388 Words

Author Carl-John X. Veraja once stated â€Å" The world has PTSD. It is a veteran a blown mind, having flashbacks as it begs the Sun for one more go-round. † This statement uses the Earth and orbit of the Sun as a metaphorical representation of the constant struggle that veterans and non-veterans face daily due to PTSD. PTSD or formally known as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is known as, â€Å"†¦a psychiatric disorder that can occurs following the experiences or witnessing of a life-threatening events such as military combat, natural disasters, terrorist incidents, serious accidents, or physical or sexual assault in adult or childhood†( â€Å"What is PTSD?†) . PTSD has affected millions that have encountered a traumatic experience. People that have more stressful occupations or life experience such as being a military employee seem to be more prone to being subject to PTSD. PTSD among soldiers have soared over the last fifty years even with the increase rep orts of rape, domestic violence, and sexual assault reported by The New York Times (Bannerman). Though the military have impanelment more action toward the growing dilemma it has yet to make any monumental acts to promote the well being of soldiers that are mentally affected by their time in the army. The epidemic that is PTSD or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has been theoretically been around since the beginning man according to scientist (Friedman). Acclaimed literary works such Homer’s The Iliad, Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities, andShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. 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We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a person’s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. â€Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipatedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesYim – Human Stress 2 December 2014 PTSD in War Veterans Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that is fairly common with individuals that have experienced trauma, especially war veterans. One in five war veterans that have done service in the Iraq or Afghanistan war are diagnosed with PTSD. My group decided to focus on PTSD in war veterans because it is still a controversial part of stressful circumstances that needs further discussion. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD amongst war

Information systems implementation Free Essays

string(24) " project at their best\." Introduction This assignment covers the essential qualities, experiences and methodologies that a project manager should possess in order to plan execute and close a project. It also covers the challenges faced and the the techniques needs to resolve those challenges. Project management Project management is the process by which projects are defined, planned, monitored, controlled and delivered such that the agreed benefits are realised. We will write a custom essay sample on Information systems implementation or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Association of project management) It is the term used to describe the application of knowledge, skills, tool and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stakeholder’s needs and expectations from the project. Project manager Is the individual in charge of the progress and performance of the project, on behalf of the owner of the project. A project manager is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers are responsible for planning, execution, controlling and closing of the projects; typically relating to IT, construction, computer networking, telecommunications and software development. QUALITIES Following are some of the essential qualities that a project manager should possess in order to manage a project successfully. And the details of the methodologies and experiences used by successful project managers in achieving the desired results from a project. Without having these qualities, experiences and applying these methods the desired objectives of the projects are not likely to be achieved. Ability to communicate A project manager must be a good communicator, without effective and on time communication of the tasks with the team members, suppliers, subcontractors, top-management, clients and other stakeholders the project is bound to fall behind schedule. Effective and timely communication is a key to teamwork, if the tasks are not agreed and assigned to team members, and time to time assistance is not provided the project is likely to take longer time to complete. A high level of communication is crucial at the early stage of the project to establish good working relationship within the team as well as setting and agreeing the expectations with the client. Project manager can involve the team members in decision making to ensure that they own the decisions and give their best to make the project work as per plan. (Management-Hub, 2011) Communication is vital for the progression of the project, identification of potential problem, generating solutions, keeping up to date with the customer requirements and perceptions of the team. All these tasks require good amount of oral communication that is why good managers spend more time on listening than talking. A good project manager should visit all the individuals at work in the team; discuss any ideas or suggestions that they have in their mind on how the performance can be improved and how efficiently the project is moving forward. Attention to details A good project manager should have attention to details, as without having a detailed knowledge and understanding of the project, costly mistakes are likely to happen. As every project is unique in terms of its requirements, if the managers do not have attention to details, any slight miscalculation may cause the project to delay on scheduled time. That may mean that the project would cost more than what was originally budgeted for. For example in most of the web based projects, the clients are required to provide data. If the project manager just keeps the item as just â€Å"client have to provide product data† it would not be enough. The manager would have to keep the details of type, structure and volume etc. of the data. If the project manager does not keep these details when the data arrives it will cause delays in the project time and hence my cause the delay of the whole project. This is just one example of how the absence of details can cause delay, if the details are missing it will cost time and eventually more cost, as the longer the project takes to complete the more it will cost. Ideally a project manager has to have all the details upfront of the events to deal with the project. If the project manager relies on team members, and do not keep an eye on details him and the team members do not remind the project leader of those critical events the project is bound to go beyond the scheduled time. So to avoid any delay in time and extra costs the project manager has to keep the details of the project. (martin bauer, 2008) Negotiation Negotiation is a process of satisfying a projects needs by reaching an agreement with stakeholders. Project manager will have to negotiate on a variety of project issues including availability and level of resources, priorities, schedule, cost, procedures, and quality and people issues. The project manager may have to negotiate with someone who has no direct authority over him/her (e.g. customer) or with someone who he/she has no direct control over (e.g. consultants). The project manager should have the ability to manage the outcome of a negotiation so that the differences of each side can be kept to minimum and the conflict can be avoided. Leadership Leadership is the ability to get results from others through personal directions and influences. In project management it means influencing others through personality or actions of the project manager. Project manager alone cannot finish the whole project; it is the project team who completes the project. A project manager should have the ability to motivate and persuade the project team to create a team objective that they want to be a part of. A good project manager would have the ability to participate as well as provide consultation to the team members. A project manager should provide overall direction but should not be prescriptive or autocratic in their approach. A project manager should have skills to empower the project team members, empowerment gives them a feel that they are part of the project, and it helps keep them motivated and perform their part of the project at their best. You read "Information systems implementation" in category "Essay examples" Delegation A good project manager would have the ability to delegate tasks to team members to ease the stress created by deadlines. As delegation is based on trust, if the manager delegates the task to team members, they would know that the manager have a faith in them. It will not only make them feel motivated but also more responsible for the outcome of the project. (Buzzle, 2011) Problem solving ability Project managers inevitably face numerous problems, but a good project manager would have the ability to tackle these problems well. The project manager would encourage the team members to find out problems within their tasks on their own and try to solve them on their own. However if the problems are crucial and large the team members should report it to the project manager. The project manager then can lead the problem solving process. Effective team member would help finding out the problem and suggest the possible solutions. However being on the optimum position, the project manager would have through understanding of the ‘big picture’ that how it will affect the final outcome of the project. Change-management ability One thing is certain in every project, and that is change. Change may be requested by the customer, project team, caused by unexpected events during the performance of the project, or required by the users of the final project. Therefore it is crucial that the project manager has the ability to manage and control the change. The project manager would have the quality to keep the effect of the change on the final results of the project to minimum. Generally it depends on the time in the project life cycle when the change is identified. Later the change is identified it is likely to have more impact on achieving the project objectives successfully. Project budget and timescales are most likely to be affected by the change. If the customer demands change the manager would contact the relevant individual in the team to estimate the impact of the change on schedule and budget. Project manager then would present these estimates to the customer for approval prior to implementation of the change. Some changes are necessary as a result of unexpected events, for example material shortage or loss of a key member of team. The manager would require changing the plan to incorporate any such change. Project may need some changes as a result of final user requirements. In many projects for example in IT related projects, the project manager is not only responsible for designing, development and implementation of the new system, but also that the user accepts the final outcome of the project. This will require project manager to regularly communicate with the final user of the project during the entire project life cycle. Methodologies System development life cycle Figure 01 System development life cycle is a conceptual framework use in project management; that describes the different stages involved in the information systems development, from initial feasibility study through to maintenance of the final outcome of the project. (SDLC, 2011) Below are the systems development life cycle stages: Feasibility: this stage decides on whether the project should go ahead or not. If the project should go ahead, then this stage will provide the plan for future stages. Requirement analysis and design: on this stage the requirements of the system are specified, so that a design for the development can be created. Managers on this stage analyse the requirements realistically, and engage all the stakeholders in specifying the design of the system. Implementation: once the design is decided upon the system can then be implemented. On this stage the designs are designed into codes, computer programmes are written using the coding language. High level programming like C++ and Java are used for programming on this stage. With respect to the type of application, right type of language is chosen. Testing: on this stage the programmes are tested. Programmes are written as a series of individual modules. Each module on this state is tested to ensure that they are error free before making it part of the whole programme. Then finally the system is tested as a whole, this insures that the interfaces between systems works, and the system fulfils the user requirements. Maintenance: software’s inevitably need change; once the system is delivered the system will definitely need some changes. The system should be developed to accommodate the change that is inevitable after the delivery of the system. PRINCE2 Figure 02 PRINCE2 is an acronym for projects in controlled environment. It’s a project management method that managers use to execute projects efficiently and effectively. Control in this context is any mechanism that is designed to ensure that the project meets its objectives. Prince2 contains a large number of control elements. Although initially it was intended to manage IT projects it can be applied to all kind of projects of all sizes. The main reason why the managers use this model is that it delivers a successful project. That is the delivery of the agreed outcome, on time, within budget and conforming to the quality standards. Below are the main features of PRINCE2. It enforces a clear structure of authority and responsibility on the project team. The structure of reporting and supervision ensures that each party has clear objectives and they are supported in achieving those objectives. It ensures the production of a number of management products associated with the management and control of the project. These include project initiation document, budget of the project, project plan and other progress reports. It includes a number of different types of plans, ensuring that all the participants in the project have a clear understanding of the tasks to be completed, the relationship between them and their roles in the task’s completion. It also provides managers with several quality controls, such as clearly defined and documented technical and management procedures. These ensure that the project tasks are completed on time and at the appropriate quality standards. (Field, 1998) Prince2 is relatively simple project management methodology in practice; following are the benefits of using prince2 It provides managers the consistency of approach Prince2 focuses on business justification It enables managers a greater control over plan by regularly reviewing the progress of the project Prince2 helps managers in engaging the stakeholders in before it is too late It helps managers as well as team members continually improve their work through sharing the lessons learned Prince2 helps establishing the competencies that are required to perform the project Six-sigma Figure 03 The process steps go by the acronym DMAIC-S which stands for Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, control and when it is finished Synergize through the organisation. Six sigma projects can be defined as the process through with the companies can reduce defects and improve the quality of their processes. It is a process improvement and defect control methodology that has its roots in improving manufacturing and product development processes. Six-sigma is used by the project managers to improve business performance and obtain measurable financial results. For achieving organisational objective now a days projects managers use quality improvement methodologies like Total Quality Management, Total Quality Control and six-sigma across all functions throughout the project. Motorola is known for the invention and use of six-sigma, who has attained the top quality of just 3.4 defects per million in its production line. Allied signal and general electrics have also been known for the use of six sigma in their production processes, to bring the dramatic quality improvements in their operations. Six sigma helps managers improve on quality and reduce defects in the projects. Challenges and techniques Unrealistic deadlines Often project deadlines are set on faulty or unrealistic assumptions. Unrealistic deadlines cause stress to the managers to find the alternative ways to complete the tasks on time. This could happen mainly if the project manager is not involved in setting the delivery date of the project. Unrealistic deadlines do not only stresses the participants but also demotivates the team when they know that the deadlines cannot actually be met. (project management course, 2011) Techniques: The project manager can manage the stress through creative planning, search for the alternative ways to perform the task, and by communicating the reality to the participants of the project. An activity based technique model can be used by the manager to realistically draw up the whole lot of activities graphically. The manager would also find out what tasks are more critical for the success of the project, so that more resources and attention can be put into those tasks. Failure to manage risks Often in project plans, a list of risks is included. If these risks are not further investigated and worked on, they may become a real challenge when the risk arises. IT projects are more vulnerable to risks. Security of data, storage and integrity of data are the real challenges. If these risks are not considered fully, and the steps to control these risks are not taken the projects are likely to fail. Techniques: once the project risks are known, the project team can either make a plan of action to reduce the chances of their occurrence. Or alternatively a reactive plan can be made to deal with the consequences if the risk arises. It depends mainly on the probability and the impact it may have on the outcome of the project. If both the probability and consequences are high, the project team may choose to plan how to deal with its consequences. (project management course, 2011) Insufficient team skills In many projects most of the team members are assigned the tasks based on their availability. If this is the case they would lack the proper knowledge and skills to perform these tasks successfully. They may not even inform the project manager because of their ego that they don’t have the necessary skills to perform these tasks. And the project may suffer delay or even failure due to lack of skills in the team members. Techniques: the whole lot of skills needed for the project should be enlisted. And the team members as well as manager should be tested against that check list, to ensure that the manager and the team have the necessary skills, to perform the project tasks successfully. If some key skills are missing in the team members, the manager can send the individuals on training course or alternatively an external advisor can be hired to train a number of team member. If the skills required are one off and exceptional, the project manager may decide to buy the services of subcontractors. Unclear goals and objectives Projects often fail because of unclear goals and objective. If the project manager does not clearly communicate the goals and objectives to the team members, they would not be certain about what they are supposed to achieve. It would not only make the team members feel less motivated, but also cause the project fail to achieve its objectives. (Pmis, 2011) Techniques: it is the duty of the project manager to explain the project objectives and goals to the team. He/ she should demonstrate the importance and the benefits that the project’s success would have for the organisation and team members. This should happen at the first project meeting, and the manager should make sure that the whole team understands the project objectives. The manager can discuss with the team which parts they did not understood, so that he/she can explain it to them and make things clear. Communication deficit Many projects fail due to lack of communication, project managers and team members often do not provide enough information to enough people. Project managers often fail to call regular meetings with team members and other stakeholders due to work load and busy schedule. This eventually leaves team members with insufficient information to perform their tasks successfully. Techniques: Project documents, such as plans and budgets must be kept up to date and circulated to the team members regularly. A proper communication flow to all the participants of the project should be set including the reports status feeds etc. The project manager should also encourage open and frank discussion amongst the participants of the project both formally and informally. Lack of customer and end-user involvement Often the project team member and managers get hooked on meeting the internal deadlines, deliverables and processes but the customer and end users are left out. This leaves no input from them on the critical phases of the project. If the customers say is not involved in the project, the final outcome is likely to fail to fulfil its objectives. Techniques: the manager should arrange regular meetings with all the participants of the project including customers and end users. Regular briefings, status updates can also provide them with the information they need, so that they can give their input/feedback in the on-going planning of the project. The end users can also be invited to visit the site and request their input in the project, to ensure that the final project meets the needs of the customers and end-users. (project management course, 2011) Bibliography martin bauer. (2008, 05 25). Retrieved 05 08, 2011, from martinbauer.: http://www.martinbauer.com/Articles/Qualities-of-a-Great-Project-Manager Buzzle. (2011, 05 06). Retrieved 05 06, 2011, from Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-makes-a-good-project-manager.html Management-Hub. (2011, 05 05). Retrieved 05 05, 2011, from Management-Hub: http://www.management-hub.com/project-manager-qualities.html Pmis. (2011, 05 05). Retrieved 05 05, 2011, from Most common challanges of projects: http://www.pmis.co.uk/what-goes-wrong-with-projects.htm project management course. (2011, 05 04). Retrieved 05 04, 2011, from Top 10 project management challenges: http://projectmanagementcourse.com/project-challenges.html SDLC. (2011, 05 03). Retrieved 05 03, 2011, from SDLC: http://www.startvbdotnet.com/sdlc/sdlc.aspx Field, M. a. (1998). Project Management. In M. a. Field, Project Management. London: International Thomson Publishing. Maylor, H. (2003) Project Management. Ft Prentice Hall. Gido, J.and Clements, J. (1999), Successful Project Management. The open university. London. How to cite Information systems implementation, Essay examples

Throwing Mechanics And Shoulder Distraction In Professional Baseball P Essay Example For Students

Throwing Mechanics And Shoulder Distraction In Professional Baseball P Essay itchersWerner, Sherry L. (2001) Relationship between Throwing Mechanics and Shoulder Distraction in Professional Baseball Pitchers. American Journal of Sports Medicine. It’s fair to say that a good baseball game can lie in the hands of the pitcher. According to this article by the American Journal of Sports Medicine, 50 percent of professional baseball pitchers experience elbow or shoulder pain due to the way they throw the ball. Because not much research has been done on professional baseball athletes, the purpose of this publication was to find at what point in the pitcher’s technique does most of the damage occur. The study began by taking 40 pro-baseball pitchers, all ranging from the age of 23-33 years old with relatively the same height and weight. Also, thirty-two of the 40 selected are right-hand dominant. Then they placed 3 cameras in different parts of the field. These cameras would take still frames of the pitchers and their technique when throwing the ball. They found that at the point where there is maximum rotation (aka the cocking phase) the distraction force was low. Also, it was stated that because of the elbow angle a t foot stride and ball release that the shoulder joint was affected more so than at any other time. Finally, in order to understand why the injuries occur we should learn the joint ranges of motion so we can develop better preventive methods for injuries. We will write a custom essay on Throwing Mechanics And Shoulder Distraction In Professional Baseball P specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I don’t believe that this article is very reliable, because the way the chose their subject wasn’t very scientifical. First, The range of age is too broad, and it doesn’t mention how long the pitcher has been in the sport. For example, the could have chosen a 23 year old with a good arm, but bad technique compared to a 33 year old who has been pitching for years and has loosened the ligaments in his arm. Also, they selected 32 that were right-hand dominant. That became the majority. I believe that the data would be wrong if the numbers of right-handed to left-handed pitchers weren’t equal, because they are the control group in the experiment, which makes the variable the pitchers’ technique. Overall, this experiment shouldn’t be considered a reference for students or others to depend on. When it comes to the relevancy of this article to the field of athletic training, I believe that it is somewhat helpful. In order to understand and prevent injuries, an athletic trainer must understand why and how the injuries happen. This article gave detailed information of the correct method of pitching. For example, it stated that the average elbow at pitchers’ stance was 96 degrees, but those with more flexed elbows had less shoulder distraction. So an athletic trainer can figure out if their athletes’ stance is off or help them loosen up the athletes’ shoulder so the can reach back farther. Also, the athletic trainer can help the athletic with their technique, such as their stride, or follow through based on the information attained from the experiment. I chose this article because I’m a huge Cubs fan, and 2 years ago Keri Wood was having trouble with his shoulder and elbow, so I decided that maybe I can find out the history behind his problem. Well, honestly I didn’t. I found out ways that he could have prevented those problems, and how he can find whatever caused them. In my opinion this wasn’t a very good article when it comes to the way these people carried out the experiment, and at least I now know what to look for. Anatomy and Physiology